ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ
- «ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ» ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠯᠠ᠃ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ «ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ (ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ)» ᠍ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃
| ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
.svg) |
||||||
| ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ | ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ | |||||
| - | ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | II ᠢᠯᠢᠽᠡᠪᠡᠢᠰ | ||||
| - | ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ | ᠺᠸᠡᠩᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠪᠷᠠᠶᠢᠰ | ||||
| - | ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ | ᠲᠣᠨᠢ ᠡᠪᠪᠦᠲ | ||||
| ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ | ||||||
| - | ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ | 7,617,930 km2 | ||||
| ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ | ||||||
| - | ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠ (2012) | 22,879,700 (52) | ||||
| - | ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ (2006) | 19,855,288 | ||||
| - | ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠡᠶᠢᠷᠡᠭ | 2.8 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ/km2 | ||||
| GDP (ХАЧТ) | 2011 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠ | |||||
| - | ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ | $914.482 ᠲᠡᠷᠪᠤᠮ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ GDP ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠳᠦ 18 ᠳᠦ | ||||
| - | ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ | $40,234 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ GDP ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠳᠦ12 ᠳᠦ | ||||
| GDP (ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ) | 2011 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠ | |||||
| - | ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ | $1.488 ᠲᠷᠢᠯᠯᠢᠣᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠳᠦ13 ᠳᠦ | ||||
| - | ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ | $65,477 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ GDP ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠢ ᠳᠦ5]]) | ||||
| Gini (2006) | 30.5 (ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ) | |||||
| ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠢᠨᠳᠧᠺᠰ (2011) | 0.929 (ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ) (2) | |||||
| ᠮᠥᠩᠭᠥᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠴᠡ | ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠯᠯᠠᠷ (AUD) | |||||
| ᠴᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ | UTC+8 ᠍ ᠰ +10.5 | |||||
| ᠤᠲᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠ | +61 | |||||
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ (ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ Australia)᠂ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ (ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ Commonwealth of Australia)ᠨᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠲᠢᠪ᠂ ᠲᠠᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠨᠳᠦ᠋ᠨᠢᠱᠢᠶ ᠠ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠢᠮᠣᠷ᠂ ᠫᠠᠫᠦᠠ-ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠭᠸᠨᠢᠶ ᠠ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ᠂ ᠸᠧᠨᠧᠰ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠺᠠᠯᠧᠳᠣᠨᠢ (ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ)᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠨ ᠡ ᠽᠸᠨᠯᠠᠨᠲᠤ᠋ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠴᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠤᠭᠠᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ (ᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠭᠧᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ) 4.2 ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤᠴᠢᠳ ᠬᠠᠶᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ᠂ 1606 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠢ 1770 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ(ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ)ᠴᠤᠳ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ 1788 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 1 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 26 ᠍ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ ᠤᠨ (New South Wales) ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ(ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ) ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠪᠴᠢᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠥᠰᠴᠤ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ 19 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠂ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠲᠢᠲᠢᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃
1901 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 1 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 1 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠴᠦ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠶᠢᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ (Australian Capital Territory, ACT) ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠺᠠᠨᠪᠧᠷᠷᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠨᠢ 2130 ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 60% ᠨᠢ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠳᠡᠨᠢ᠂ ᠮᠧᠯᠪᠦᠷᠨ᠂ ᠪᠷᠢᠰᠪᠡᠨ᠂ ᠫᠧᠷᠲᠦ᠂ ᠠᠳᠧᠯᠢᠳ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠪᠯᠡᠷᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠭ
ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ[ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ Australis ᠪᠤᠶᠤ "ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ" ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ "ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ" ᠍ ᠤᠨ (terra australis incognita) ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠳᠣᠮᠣᠭ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃ 1521 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠧᠦᠢᠷᠣᠫᠠᠴᠤᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ "Australia" ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ 1625 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠠᠮᠤᠡᠯ ᠫᠦᠷᠴᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ Hakluytus Posthumus ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ "A note of Australia del Espiritu Santo, written by Master Hakluyt" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ [1] ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ Australische ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠪᠠᠲᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠺᠣᠮᠫᠠᠨᠢ ᠍ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠢᠶᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ 1638 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ 1676 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠼᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠭᠠᠪᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠹᠦᠠᠨᠢᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ (ᠵᠠᠺ ᠰᠳᠦᠷ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ) ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ "Australia" ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃[2] ᠠᠯᠧᠺᠰᠠᠨᠳᠧᠷ ᠳᠠᠯᠤᠷᠢᠮᠫᠯ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean (1771) ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ 1793 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠵᠢ ᠱᠣᠣᠪᠠ ᠰᠡᠷᠡ ᠵᠡᠮᠰ ᠰᠮᠢᠲ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠠᠰᠤᠷᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲᠷᠠᠯᠠᠽᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ Zoology and Botany of New Holland ᠨᠣᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠡᠷᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠲᠦᠲᠶᠤ ᠹᠯᠤᠶᠢᠨᠳᠧᠷᠰ ᠦᠨ 1814 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ A Voyage to Terra Australis ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ "Australia" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠹᠯᠤᠶᠢᠨᠳᠧᠷᠰ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ(ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ) ᠤ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ "Australia" ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠤᠩᠰᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠡ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠯᠠᠺᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠺᠺᠦ᠋ᠷᠢ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ 1817 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 12 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃[3] 1824 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ "Australia" ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠴᠡᠢ᠃
ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ[ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠸᠢᠯᠯᠧᠮ ᠶᠠᠨᠰᠵᠣᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠪᠡᠷ 1606 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠺᠢᠶᠢᠫ ᠢᠣᠷᠺ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠯᠠᠨᠲ᠋᠌᠋᠌᠌᠌ᠴᠤᠳ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠡᠷᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠤᠭᠤᠮ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠬᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ 1770 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠡᠮᠰ ᠺᠦ᠋ᠺ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠶᠢᠳᠴᠦ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ(ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ) ᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠴᠥᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠦᠯᠬᠢᠴᠡ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃
██ 1606 Willem Janszoon
██ 1606 Luis Váez de Torres
██ 1616 Dirk Hartog
██ 1619 Frederick de Houtman
██ 1644 Abel Tasman
██ 1696 Willem de Vlamingh
██ 1699 William Dampier
██ 1770 James Cook
██ 1797–1799 George Bass
██ 1801–1803 Matthew Flinders
1788 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 26 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠬᠠᠮᠠᠳ ᠠᠷᠲᠤᠷ ᠹᠢᠯᠯᠢᠫ ᠫᠣᠷᠲ ᠵᠡᠺᠰᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ(ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ) ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨ ᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠶᠢᠡᠷ ᠲᠤᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠮᠧᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ 1803 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠵᠤ᠂ 1825 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 1829 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ: 1836 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ᠂ 1851 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠸᠢᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠢᠪᠠᠨ᠂ 1859 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠺᠣᠶᠢᠨᠰᠯᠡᠨᠳᠦ᠋ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1911 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠶᠢᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠂ "ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ" ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠴᠤ ᠴᠥᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠸᠢᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠢᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠤ "ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ" ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠥᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠯᠠᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃[5] ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠯᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠥᠷᠨᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ᠂ 1848 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠯᠠᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠴᠥᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠣᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠠ᠃[6]
ᠧᠦᠢᠷᠣᠫᠠᠴᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ 35 ᠲᠦᠮᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠤᠭᠠᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ[7] ᠨᠢ ᠧᠦᠢᠷᠣᠫᠠᠴᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢᠬᠢ 150 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠭᠵᠣᠮ ᠬᠤᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲᠤ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃[8] ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠰᠠᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠤᠤᠭᠠᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠡ᠃ ᠤᠤᠭᠠᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠤᠷᠲᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭ᠃[9] ᠡᠨᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ 1967 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠤᠭᠠᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
1850 ᠍ ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ 1854 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠢᠼᠧᠨᠽᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠡᠪᠡᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠣᠺᠡᠢᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 1855-1890 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ(ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ) ᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠥᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠯᠣᠨᠳᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠬᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃ 1901 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 1 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠺᠣᠯᠣᠨᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠺᠠᠨᠪᠧᠷᠷᠠᠭ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠢ (ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ) 1911 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ (1901-1927 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠺᠠᠨᠪᠧᠷᠷᠠᠭ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠮᠧᠯᠪᠦᠷᠨᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠦᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ)᠃ 1911 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃[10] ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲᠷᠠᠯᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠽᠧᠨᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠮᠠᠲᠸᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ (АНЗАК) ᠭᠠᠯᠯᠢᠫᠣᠯᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠺᠣᠺᠣᠳᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠍ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠳᠬᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
1931 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠸᠡᠰᠲᠦᠮᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯ ᠶᠢᠡᠷ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ 1942 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠤᠬᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 1942 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠤᠯ ᠵᠠᠨᠤᠯ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠡᠢ᠃ 1951 ᠣᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ Australia᠂ New Zealand᠂ United States ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠬᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ 1970 ᠍ ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠤᠴᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠢᠪ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠬᠦᠬᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠵᠦᠢ᠂ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ᠂ ᠳᠦᠷᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ 1986 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶᠠ᠂ НВУ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠴᠤ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠷᠢᠲ᠋ᠠᠨ(ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ) ᠤ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠠᠵᠤ᠂ НВУ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃[11] 1999 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ 54% ᠨᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠴᠤᠭᠠᠴᠠᠢ᠃ 1972 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠣᠹ ᠸᠢᠲ᠋ᠯᠡᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠦᠩᠰᠢ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠨᠣ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠬᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ[ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ II ᠢᠯᠢᠽᠡᠪᠡᠢᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ᠂ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨᠡ᠃ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ 1975 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠮᠤᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠸᠢᠲ᠋ᠯᠡᠮᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠣᠭᠴᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃[12]
ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ:
- ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ: ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲ᠂ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ᠂ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃
- ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ: ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ (ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠤ)᠂ ᠫᠷᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠢᠭᠲᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
- ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ: ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠭᠦ ᠨᠦ᠋ᠭᠦᠳ᠃ 1986 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭ ᠠ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ 76 ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲ (参议院) ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲ (ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ)᠂ 150 ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠠᠴᠠ (ᠳᠤᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ) ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠦᠨᠡ᠃ ᠳᠤᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠳᠤᠤᠷᠠᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲᠲᠤ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ 12 ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠴᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ (ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ᠂ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ) ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠴᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠠ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲ᠋ᠴᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠯᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ: ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠡᠪᠰᠡᠯ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠨᠠᠮ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠭᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠮ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ᠂ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ 2007 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ(ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 3 ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ)᠂ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠺᠡᠪᠢᠨ ᠷᠠᠳᠳᠠᠷ ᠶᠢᠡᠷ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠺᠠᠨᠪᠧᠷᠷᠠᠳ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ 2008 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 2004 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᠩ ᠬᠣᠪᠠᠷᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠪᠰᠡᠯ ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ 20 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠨᠠᠮ ᠰᠧᠨᠠᠲ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠭ᠌ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ 18 ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠭ᠌ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ᠃[13]
ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠳ[ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠂ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠪᠠᠯ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ᠂ ᠺᠣᠶᠢᠨᠰᠯᠡᠨᠳᠦ᠋᠂ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠲᠠᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨᠢ᠂ ᠸᠢᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷᠢᠪᠠᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ (АННД) ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠳ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠰᠢᠭ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠯᠠᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ 51 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠫᠠᠷᠠᠯᠮᠧᠨᠲ ᠤᠳ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ᠂ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯᠭᠡ᠂ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠯᠠᠯ᠂ ᠵᠠᠮ᠂ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨᠠ᠃
ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ: ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ᠂ ᠺᠣᠶᠢᠨᠰᠯᠡᠨᠲᠦ᠋ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠳᠤᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠰᠰᠧᠮᠪᠯᠧᠢ (ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲᠷᠠᠯᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠲᠠᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨᠢᠳ ᠠᠰᠰᠧᠮᠪᠯᠧᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ) ᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠲᠠᠩᠬᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠶᠢᠡᠨ Premier ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ Chief Minister ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠠᠬᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠠᠳᠮᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲᠷᠠᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠲᠥᠰᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠸᠯᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠵᠧᠷᠸᠢᠰ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠤᠰᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠭᠣᠮᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠥᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠦᠳ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ: ᠨᠣᠷᠹᠣᠯᠺ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠵᠤᠯᠠ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠺᠣᠺᠣᠰ (ᠺᠢᠯᠢᠩ ᠢ) ᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ: ᠡᠰᠢᠮᠣᠷ ᠪᠠ ᠺᠠᠷᠲᠧᠷ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ᠂ ᠱᠢᠷᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ᠂ ᠬᠡᠷᠲᠦ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠠᠺ ᠲᠤᠨᠠᠯᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠨᠲ᠋ᠠᠷᠺᠲ᠋ᠢᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ᠃
ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ[ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨ ᠡ ᠽᠸᠨᠯᠠᠨᠲᠤ᠋᠂ ᠠᠮᠸᠷᠢᠺᠠ Australia᠂ New Zealand᠂ United States ᠍ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶ ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭ ᠠAssociation of South - East Asian Nations᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠹᠣᠷᠣᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠯ ᠡᠷᠡᠮᠡᠯᠵᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ 2005 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠡᠪ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠯᠰᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠢᠡᠷ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠷᠯᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠹᠣᠷᠣᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠯᠢᠪᠧᠷᠠᠯᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠮᠲᠡᠢ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠺᠠᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ-ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠩᠯᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ-ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨ ᠡ ᠽᠸᠨᠯᠠᠨᠲᠤ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠥᠲᠥᠯᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ 60 ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭᠲᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ—ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ (ADF)—ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ (RAN)᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ᠂ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ (RAAF) ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ 51,000 ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ᠃[14] ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠤᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠥᠰᠡ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠤᠷ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ(ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠢᠮᠣᠷ᠂ ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠮᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ᠂ ᠰᠤᠳᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ)᠂ ᠭᠠᠮᠰᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭᠲᠦ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠥᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ 2003 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠷᠠᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭᠲᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠮᠠᠷᠱᠠᠯ ᠠᠩᠬᠤᠰ ᠬᠦᠶᠤᠶᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ 2006–2007 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠥᠰᠥᠪ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠳᠠᠯ 22  ᠲᠡᠷᠪᠤᠮ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠯᠯᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃[15] ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ ᠺᠣᠮᠠᠨᠳᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭᠲᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠺᠣᠮᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠦᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠷᠯᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠣᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭᠲᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠥᠳᠠᠭ᠃[16]
ᠡᠰᠢᠯᠡᠯ[ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
- ↑ Purchas, vol. iv, p. 1422–32, 1625. This appears to be variation of the original Spanish "Austrialia" [sic]. [1] A copy at the Library of Congress can be read online [2]
- ↑ Sidney J. Baker, The Australian Language, second edition, 1966.
- ↑ Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 16
- ↑ Gillespie, R. (2002). Dating the first Australians. Radiocarbon 44:455–72; Dating the First Australians. Ingenta. 2008-03-18 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
- ↑ Convict Records Public Record office of Victoria; State Records Office of Western Australia
- ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998 Special Article - The State of New South Wales
- ↑ Smith, L. (1980), The Aboriginal Population of Australia, Australian National University Press, Canberra
- ↑ Smallpox Through History
- ↑ Windschuttle, K. (2001). The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, The New Criterion Vol. 20, No. 1, 20 September.
- ↑ Bean, C. Ed. (1941). Volume I - The Story of Anzac: the first phase, First World War Official Histories, Eleventh Edition.
- ↑ Australia Act text [3]
- ↑ Parliamentary Library (1997). The Reserve Powers of the Governor-General
- ↑ What happens if I do not vote?. Voting Australia - Frequently Asked Questions. Australian Electoral Commission. 2008-01-08 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
- ↑ Nation Master [4]
- ↑ Australian Department of Defence (2006).Portfolio Budget Statements 2006–07.Page 19.
- ↑ Khosa, Raspal (2004). Australian Defence Almanac 2004–05. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, p. 4.
ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠰᠤ[ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ | ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
 |
Викимедиа дуу дүрсний сан: Australia |
| ||||||
![[2]](http://memory.loc.gov/service/rbc/rbdk/d0404/02951422.jpg){kind=link}